Individual Organizational Structure Paper - 1091 Words

Individual Organizational Structure Paper MGT/230 July 23, 2012 Todd Lambertson Individual Organizational Structure Paper Facebook is a social-networking site that has a strong organization structure that is appropriate for their particular product; social media. Facebook seems like a simple site that does not require a structure to operate. Twitter works in the same way but is only set up for chatting through posts, or as it is called tweets. Tweets are text-based quotes of up to 140 characters and are posted on the user’s profile page (Shetty, 2010). Users can also send pictures and videos through Twitpics and other sources (Oleary, 2011). Millions of people use Facebook and organizations use them to advertise and to promote†¦show more content†¦While a person is logged into Facebook a user can change their status, check on a friend’s status, post pictures or even post on their friend’s wall. Facebook is the most popular social-networking site that has developed a business structure that supports their organization. Facebook has many organizational functions that support the different responsibilities from within the organization. Facebook is set up for huge amounts of marketing through the use of advertising, and Twitter allows individual organizations to post tweets to keep followers interested in them. Through games, Facebook makes money by asking users to pay for different parts of the game. Anyone who has played Farmville or other games similar to it will say that these games are addicting. When playing these games users can purchase items in the marketplace with coins that they receive from playing that game whether it is from planting crops, harvesting them, crafting items, or harvesting their animals that they have placed on their farms. There are also items in the marketplace that takes cash to buy. In Farmville it is called farm cash, and in order to get farm cash the person has to either buy a card from a department store like Wal-Mart or Target, or they can charge the fees to their credit cards. The amount of farm cash you can buy is low as $10 and a high of $100. The $10 dollars buys that person $55 farm cash, and the $100 dollars buys $250 farmShow MoreRelatedWeek 4-Individual Organizational Structure Paper1108 Words   |  5 PagesWeek 4-Individual Organizational Structure Paper Sabrina Hoffmann 12/3/2012 Course: MGT/230 - MANAGEMENT THEORY AND PRACTICE Instructor: CAROL CONNELL Management Organizational Functions An important trait to any organization in the business world of today is the functions within the organization. Overall, an organizing function of management outlines the practice in which individuals within the organization interact and work with each other. CellCom Inc. is small cell phone company locatedRead MoreProject Management Structure Paper862 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: PROJECT MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE PAPER Project Management Organizational Structures Paper University of Phoenix MGT 437- Project Management Roy Chuang December 2, 2012 Project Management Organizational Structures Paper A project organization is a framework of rules and regulations that companies use to facilitate the harmony and finishing point of project activities. Its foremost objective is to generate a atmosphere that will encourage relations betweenRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Its Functions863 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION Organizational culture involves systems of beliefs and values that guide the behavior of individuals within the organization and how they shape behavior (Kummerow, 2013). Organizational structures, on the other hand, dictate the assignment, coordination and control of roles and responsibilities to achieve organizational goals (Pathak 2011). For a company to perform effectively it needs to grow, organizational development is one element of growth that focuses on practice an research focusedRead MoreLeadership Culture : A Review Essay1674 Words   |  7 Pagesexamines the literature on organization design and leadership as influencers of innovation and change. Specifically, the paper investigates the link among mechanistic and organic structures, leadership, relationship styles, and change management. Transformational leadership style is associated with organic structures; transactional leadership style is associated with mechanistic structures; idea generation is significantly relat ed to Transformational leadership; implementation is significantly related toRead MoreOrganizational Structures and Systems1453 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational Structures and Systems Jeffrey Ha MBA501 – Human Interfaces Instructor: Dr. Eli Sopow Submission date: October 2, 2010 Organizational Structures and Systems Introduction This paper will examine organizational structures, organizational systems and how organizational culture influences both structure and systems. Throughout this paper, there will an analogy to the human body to help further the understanding of the concepts of structure and systems in an organization. ThisRead MoreWhat Strengths Of Organizational Leadership Presented By Sales And Marketing1635 Words   |  7 Pagesstress. Identifying the strengths of organizational leadership presented by Sales and Marketing (PI) Kenneth Bright along with OD consultant can lead and manage the organizational change. The OD consultant plans to introduce and communicate the change initiative to the employees begin with an interview questions by gender, organizational levels and age. Using Lewin’s method (B), functions (f), personality(P), motivators and the environment (E) which each individual at (SS), (PI) and (OB). Equation:B=f(PRead MoreThe Goals Of The Organizational Culture807 Words   |  4 PagesReflection Paper #1 For this week’s reflection paper I have decided to reflect upon how the goals of the business and the goals of the organizational culture are often not compatible, resulting in unethical business ethics. Due to the profit oriented goals of the business, components of organization culture often fail as they rely strongly upon personal morals of management and employees. As per our discussions in class, an ethical culture is â€Å"one in which employees are empowered and expected toRead MoreReshaping Organizational Culture Using the Burke-Litwin Model1110 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican ideas about organizations, power, gender roles and other American cultural ideas on an organization in a foreign culture. This paper will describe their efforts using the lens of the Burke-Litwin model for organizational change. Burke-Litwin The Burke-Litwin Model seeks to explain the processes and influences by which organizational change occurs. The organizational change process is driven by twelve different factors. The factors are integrated, such that a change in one factor will have anRead MoreThe Military And The Business World s Managerial Structure Essay1468 Words   |  6 Pagesorganizations in the world. Numerous businesses and corporations throughout the years have modeled management practices of the military structure. This author will leverage seventeen years of military experience, and will provide abundant examples of the military’s management process. There are several similarities between the military and the business world’s managerial structure. The subsequent analysis will reflect how planning, leadership, organization, staffing, and controlling are modeled in the militaryRead MoreThe Concept Of Team Based Organizations795 Words   |  4 PagesTeam-Based Organizations The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of team-based organizations. It provides an overview and definition of this concept. Furthermore, the concept of team-based organization is explored and advantages and disadvantages phased by organizations using this strategy is provided. In addition, the paper introduce4s the concept of employee motivation, its effectiveness, and effect on employee morale and organizational culture. Team Based Organization-Defined A

The Levels Of Childhood Obesity - 914 Words

Levels of childhood obesity in Australia have been increasing at alarming rates since the 1970s. 1 in 4 Australian children aged 2-17 years are overweight or obese and this is expected to rise to 1 in 3 children by 2025. Being overweight places these children at a greater risk for hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, and other diseases we would ordinarily only see in adults. What’s truly eye-opening is that, for the first time in history, our children may well have significantly shorter life expectancies than us. This is simply unacceptable. We can’t allow ourselves to become complacent about our children’s health and well-being. As a society we pride ourselves on the fact that we can say our children will have better lives than us. More needs to be done to end and reverse this trend of growing burden from intergenerational obesity. We need to take a good hard look at ourselves and the influences we are having over our children’s health outcomes. Ignore for a minute the billions of dollars in additional health-care costs associated with childhood obesity –estimated to be close to $60 billion annually and only set to skyrocket. The larger problem is the large array of destructive health effects emerging in childhood and later life, including psychological problems such as social discrimination and reduced self-esteem, and physical health problems such as Type II diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors. Obesity, once believed to be little more than a failure of willpowerShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Childhood Obesity On Population Level Essay1797 Words   |  8 PagesImpact of Childhood Obesity on Population Level Epidemiology Conclusion and Suggestions to Remedy Issues Caused by Poor Nutrition  Abstract We are a group of students at California State University of Northridge who found common interest in the topic of child nutrition. By applying the core functions of public health, we were able to analyze how poor child nutrition led to more serious problems such as chronic diseases and obesity. We found out that there is plenty of data that proves obesity is causedRead MoreThree Different Level Solutions to the Childhood Obesity Problem1761 Words   |  8 PagesUnited States. Notably, the rate of childhood obesity in the United States increased rapidly from 1980 to 2008. The obesity rate among children aged 6-11 years increased from 7% to 20% while the obesity rate among adolescence aged 12-19 increased from 5% to 18% (Childhood Obesity Facts, 2011. para. 2). When these children’s weight are ten percent or above the weight that is recommended for their age and height, they become to be considered as obese children (Obesity In Children And Teens, 2008, paraRead MoreEssay on Po licy Priority Issue1648 Words   |  7 PagesPolicy Priority Issue: The Childhood Obesity Pandemic Marla C. Khalikov Chamberlain College of Nursing NR506 – 10999: Health Care Policy Winter 2014 Policy Priority Issue: The Childhood Obesity Pandemic Childhood obesity is a global pandemic requiring prioritization in policy and health care reform. It has many effects on acute and long term health, including increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and certain types of cancer. This paper addressesRead MoreChildhood Obesity Essay examples1472 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica childhood obesity was rarely a topic of conversation. A survey done in the early 1970s showed that 6.1% of children between the ages 12 and 19 were overweight. Eight years later the same survey was done and 17.4% were considered overweight (Iannelli). â€Å"Childhood obesity epidemic in America is now a confirmed fact since the number of overweight or obese children has more than tripled during the last 30 years† (Childhood Obesity Epidemic). â€Å"Over the last 20 years, the prevalence of obesity in childrenRead MoreReduced Energy Expenditure And Prevalence Obesity Rates Among Children928 Words   |  4 Pageshas contrib uted to prevalence obesity rates among children. Demographic and epidemiologic analysis alone do not account for the high rates in childhood obesity. These analysis help provide a clearer understanding of why obesity is a national epidemic. It is significant as public health officials to know that there are substantial racial differences in obesity among young kids and teenagers in the United States. Among Hispanics for instance, the incidence of obesity was higher in 2011-2012 at 22Read MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects1551 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity has become an epidemic in our nation. Currently, more than one in six American children is obese, which is three times the rate as that of the 1970s [1]. Obesity contributes significantly to cardiovascular disease, different types of cancers, as well as diabetes. About 70% of obese children/adolescents have at least one risk factor for heart disease, such as hyperlipidemia and hypertension, and almost 40% of obese youths have at least two additional risk factors. Increase in ratesRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Condition Of Being Grossly Fat And Overweight937 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood Obesity. Childhood Obesity is a condition of being grossly fat and overweight. When someone exceeds a certain weight for a given height they are considered obese. Lifestyle issues such as too little activities and too many calories from drinks are main contributors of childhood obesity. People eat for two reasons and those are either comfort eat or appetite eat. A study have shown that kids who go without breakfast before school are more likely than classmates to be inactive, unfit andRead MoreBackground and Methodology of the Research Process to Problems in Health Care1003 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Process to Problems in Health Care Childhood Obesity HCS/465 August 2, 2012 Donald Steacy Introduction The purpose of the paper is to show how to develop and understand methodology of the research process when pertaining to health care. The process consists of retrieving a peer-reviewed article and applying the research methodology to the article selected. The article selected for the research methodology was Childhood Obesity: A Global Public Health Crisis written by SameeraRead MoreThe Rate Of Childhood Obesity1575 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The rate of childhood obesity is on the rise. The negative effect of obesity on a child has been documented by health care agencies repeatedly. And yet, effective treatment plan to control the increase in obesity has yet to be discovered. Research examining the causes and intervention of childhood obesity has circled around understanding the reason behind a child’s weight gain as well as the key shareholders that have influence. The key shareholders such as the child, the family, andRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children Essay1645 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity introduce In addition to the physical harm, obesity and negative psychological impact on children. This is a high risk factors of childhood obesity, which can lead to high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obese children always lower than that of healthy children intelligence and operators. Their activities, learning and communication ability is very low, and their depression and low self-esteem can make the children s sensitivity to interpersonal

Performance Review Form

Question: Discuss about the Performance Review Form. Answer: I talked with him about his performance in the last six months, as it has not been in the same level as always, I had just run through what I have seen. I highlighted to him that your sales achievements in the last 6 months were average; he said they are many reasons which impacted his performance for that period, which were some circumstances in his private life, his collage resigned recently. The quality of the work provided, recording areas that have gone well and those where improvement is required The quality of work barely met the expectation, for communication with the costumers, as per their feedback you were good listener and nice man, In your technical skills you have to know more details and more things about our products. Record performance against targets set and in those cases where they have not been met, record the reasons given and your views on these Mr. Amir did not reach to the requested target , I think he has to attend more training about the technical specifications of our products, to increase his knowledge in our products to present it to our customers in order to convincing them. Outline agreed actions to overcome any shortfall against targets including such factors as training and development needs, equipment needs or medical support Actions by line manager: Actions by employee: Review the commission scheme Developing the technical skills Check with training department Solve his private problem 5. Indicate whether a performance related bonus should be made at current rates. (In circumstances where the full target has not been met a case must be made before any partial bonus payment can be paid, with reasons provided for that recommendation) In this time there is economic recession which affects us to achieve our company objectives, however we have a good number of booking for the third quarter of the year, and this will be discussed by management and relayed to the sales team. Signed: Line Manager: Date : 03.07.2016. Reflect on the outcomes of the review, producing a short statement (approximately 200 words) explaining your effectiveness in achieving this outcome, and how this could be improved on a future occasion. This performance review and development is one of the key processes enabling effective translation of strategic plans and objectives into individual roles, responsibilities, targets, performances, etc. Mr Amir has shown an average performance over the last six months. His performance clearly depicts lack of technical proficiency and convincing power; moreover he is strongly affected by tough circumstances at personal end. This review exhibits that he is a humble and decent employee; according to the customers he is a good listener. However, he needs to undergo technical training sessions and he needs to have an in-depth knowledge of product specifications and procedural working. The review has quite effectively depicted his strengths, weaknesses and areas of improvement. The review has shown an overlap of personal and professional arena which needs to be fixed as soon as possible by counselling and mentoring sessions. The outcome of this review clear states that neither the targets were achieved nor the quality of work was up to the mark; which implies that both quantitative and qualitative characteristics were analyzed. The review also portrays the effectiveness of considering the feedback of all the customers in order to reveal the level of interaction, enthusiasm and problem-solving attitude of Mr Amir as a sales representative. Amendments and alterations in the performance review process is necessary to achieve upright outcomes. Review about employees behaviour, attitude and conduct must be initiated in future. Instead of considering the average or median of the review period, proper discussions about every months performances and efforts should take place to achieve an effective outcome. References: Kalyana, K 2013, What are the outcomes of performance appraisals, Viewed 27 July 2016, https://blog.synergita.com/2013/11/outcomes-of-performance-appraisals/. Studer, Q 2010, 8 ways to improve your performance review process, Viewed 27 July 2016, https://www.reliableplant.com/Read/22318/Improve-your-performance-review-process.

Rrl of My Classmte as Example Essay Example

Rrl of My Classmte as Example Essay Various eye problems have been associated with overexposure to sunlight. CAUSE Ultraviolet Ray WHY? People are unaware of what UVR can cause to their vision/eye sight. WHY? Insufficient spread of information to the public. Sub Problem How can we completely inform the public about the dangers caused by the UVR? INTRODUCTION Another radiation from the sun can harm not only your skin but also your eyes. Extended exposure to the sun’s UV rays has been linked to eye damage, which includes the cataract that clouds the eye’s natural lens that can cause to temporary vision loss. The purpose of this project is to make the public aware of what UV ray can cause to their vision. To protect the eyes from harmful solar radiation, sunglasses should block 100 percent of UV rays. A good quality of sunglasses such as Ray-Ban is a certified item for consumption that manufactures variety of glasses and likewise lenses that deals with overexposure to sun. This variety of lenses indicates the amount of protection it can give to the eyes. It includes the tints in the lenses that keep UV ray from reaching the eyes. Manufacturers add certain colors that block UVB light. We will write a custom essay sample on Rrl of My Classmte as Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rrl of My Classmte as Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rrl of My Classmte as Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Amber and brown tints are especially useful at absorbing UV light; however, any light-blocking tint will help prevent eye damage. Manufacturers either use colored glass or polycarbonates to make these lenses or soak polycarbonate lenses in a tint solution. Sunglasses can also have extra UV coating, although these arent necessarily just for sunglasses, as the coatings are clear and can be applied to regular glasses. The best tint for optimizing performance is a matter of personal preference. Sunglasses labeled UV-400 should offer good protection from the sun. One easy way to keep your eyes protected is to remember to push your sunglasses up on your nosethe closer the lenses are to the eye, the more protection you get. If youre going to be in a high-sun environment, wrap-around shades are a good choice. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Most people know of the dangers of the sun to our skin. But many do not know that too much sun can also damage the eyes. Eyes are sensitive instruments which can easily become injured or diseased from exposure to sunlight, because of the ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun. Ultraviolet rays are high energy, and are invisible to the human eye because they are outside the spectrum of colors that a human eye can see. Eye diseases are associated with exposure to sunlight Exposure to sunlight can cause damage to the eyes in both the short and long term. In the short term, exposure to sunlight can result in: * Mild irritation: May cause symptoms such as excessive blinking, swelling or difficulty seeing in strong sunlight. * Photo Keratoconjunctivitis: Photo keratoconjunctivitis is a condition similar to snow blindness or welders flash burn. It occurs when the sensitive, skin-like tissues of the eyeball become sunburnt. Individuals suffering from the condition are likely to experience severe pain, and possibly temporary blindness, for 12 days. The condition is temporary and will resolve naturally. In the long term, exposure to sunlight is associated with a range of eye diseases, including: * Eye cancer (also known as squamous cell carcinoma of the eye): A rare condition characterised by the growth of cancerous cells on the surface of the eye. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that5070% of eye cancers around the world are caused by sun exposure. The risk of developing eye cancer increases with lifetime exposure to sunlight. The incidence is highest in countries closest to the equator. * Cortical and posterior subcapsular cataract: Cataracts are characterised by the increasing opaqueness of the lens of the eye. It can lead to impaired eye sight and, in severe cases, to blindness. The WHO estimate 5% of cortical cataract disease is caused by sun exposure. In Australia, the Australian Cancer Council estimates that up to 10% of all cataracts are associated with excessive sun exposure. A study of a United States population found that individuals who had high levels of sun exposure were about 1. 5 times more likely to develop cortical or posterior subcapsular cataracts than those who had low sun exposure, while those with moderate sun exposure were about 1. 2 times more likely to develop each of these types of cataracts. * Pterygium: Pterygium is characterised by a fleshy growth on the eyes surface. The WHO estimates that 4070% of the global burden from this disease is attributable to sun exposure. A study conducted in Victoria reported that 43. 6% of pterygium cases were attributable to sun exposure. * Age related macular degeneration: Based on laboratory studies showing thatUV rays cause retinal damage in rats, scientists believe that exposure to UV rays contributes to the degeneration of eyesight which occurs naturally with ageing. How UVR Impacts the Eye The various tissue layers of the eye absorb the wavebands of UVR to different extents. The longer the wavelength, the deeper the penetration of ocular tissue. Of the radiation from sunlight, UV-B has the greatest impact on the eye. Overexposure can result in photokeratitis or, in rare cases, solar maculopathy. Studies show that chronic exposure to UV-B can also cause cortical cataracts. UV-A is considered a greater threat to produce skin cancer than damage the eye. While the ozone layer filters UV-C from the sun, a welders arc can generate toxic dosages of this potent waveband. Since UV-C is the shortest waveband of the ultraviolet spectrum, the corneal epithelium will absorb it. A welders flash burn therefore will cause a punctate epitheliopathy. Environmental factors and UV exposure The level of UV radiation varies due to a range of environmental factors,including: * Time of day: UV radiation levels are highest when the sun is higher in the sky (in the middle of the day, between 10am and 2pm). * Geographic location: UV radiation levels increase with increasing proximity to the equator, and increasing altitude. * Cloud cover: UV radiation levels are higher when there is no cloud cover, although UV radiation from the sun is present even on cloudy days. Features of the surrounding landscape: As UV radiation from the sun is reflected more or less effectively by some surfaces than others, exposure to UV radiation is also influenced by features of the surrounding landscape. Snow is a particularly reflective surface, and as much as 80% of UV radiation will be reflected back (compared to about 10% for water and grass). Dry beach sand reflects about 15% of UV radiat ion, while the foam in sea water reflects 25% of UV radiation. * Ozone protection: A layer of ozone forms a protective layer around the earth and blocks much of the sun’s harmful rays, including much UV radiation. Ozone levels vary between places and times of the day. The origin of UV protection Most of the UV protection comes from the lenses of UV protection sunglasses. Special coatings on the lenses material during manufacturing are the origin of UV protection. The exact lens coating is named UV treatment, which adds this capability to regular lenses. Always select UV protection sunglasses with labels specifying UV absorption up to 400nm, which is equivalent to 100% UV absorption. Color, style and cost have no direct help in offering sunlight protection. Many people would think that lens color is closely related to the degree of UV protection the lenses can offer. A classical example is dark sunglasses which had dominated the sun wear industry for many years. In fact, lens darkness does not determine directly the UV filtration ability. It is the lens material and additive coating that matters. Measuring Ultraviolet Rays In the United States, the risk for UV exposure is measured using the UV Index. Developed by the NWS and EPA, the UV Index predicts each days ultraviolet radiation levels on a simple 1 to 11+ scale. In addition to publishing the UV Index daily, the EPA also issues a UV Alert when the level of solar UV radiation that day is expected to be unusually high. UV Protection Recommendations| UV Index| Risk Level| Recommendations| 2 or less| Low| 1. Wear sunglasses. 2. If you burn easily, use sunscreen with an SUN PROTECTION FACTOR of 15+. | 3 5| Moderate| 1. Wear sunglasses. 2. Cover up and use sunscreen. 3. Stay in the shade near midday, when the sun is strongest. | 6 7| High| 1. Wear a hat and sunglasses. 2. Cover up and use sunscreen. 3. Reduce time in the sun between 10 a. m. and 4 p. m. | 8 10| Very high| 1. Wear a hat and sunglasses. 2. Cover up and use sunscreen. 3. Minimize sun exposure between 10 a. m. and 4 p. m. | 11+| Extreme| 1. Wear a hat and sunglasses. 2. Apply sunscreen (SPF 15+) liberally every two hours. 3. Try to avoid sun exposure between 10 a. m. and 4 p. m. | | How do you protect your eyes from UV radiation? Protecting the eyes from UV radiation from the sun is the only way to reduce the risk of eye damage. Staying out of the sun at all times is impossible, so it is important that you know how to protect your eyes when they are exposed to sunlight, and about the times at which the suns rays are most dangerous. Steps for protecting against exposure to UV radiation from the sun include: Wear sunglasses when exposed to sunlight Every time an individual goes out in sunlight, they shouldwear sunglasses that meet the Australian standards. Sunglasses provide a barrier between UV radiation and the eyes,thus preventing the harmful effects of UV radiation. The Australian Cancer Council recommends that individuals wear sunglasses with wrap-around (i. e. side) protection complying with Australian Standard AS/ANZ 1067:2003 (these standards outline how manufacturers should make sunglasses and which materials they should use). Sunglasses which meet the Australian Standard will be labelled with AS/ANZ 1607:2003 and a category number. In addition, the lenses of the sunglasses should offer a high level of UV protection, and be labelled UV400, or EPF9 or 10. Wear a broad-brimmed hat when exposed to sunlight A hat with a broad brim offers better protection than a cap, as it also blocks sunlight from the side and back. Such a hat can effectively block about 40% of UV rays from reaching the eye. It not only protects the eyes from exposure to sunlight, but also the ear, neck and face. Exposureat these sitescan increase the risk of cancer. Avoid exposure to sunlight as much as possible, particularly in the middle of the day Levels of UV radiation in sunlight are highest in the middle of the day (10am to 2pm), and thus exposure to sunlight is most dangerous at this time. Limit your exposure to sunlight at this time by staying indoors, wearing protective clothing or using shaded areas. Sit or walk in the shade The shade provided by trees and canopies does not offer full protection against UV radiation, but staying out of full sunlight does offer considerable protection against UV rays. Seek shady areas when outside, particularly when outside for extended periods or in the middle of the day. Avoid indoor sun tanning lamps Indoor tanning lamps emit UV radiation and can cause damage to the eyes and skin. Avoid indoor tanning if you wish to protect your eyes from their damaging effects. It is also important to realise that childrens eyes are susceptible to damage from UV exposure (even though this damage may not produce symptoms until they reach adulthood). In order to protect childrens eyes, parents and guardians should provide children with appropriate protective eyewear and a broad-brimmed hat, and limit their exposure to unlight, particularly in the middle of the day. When to Wear Sunglasses? Wear sunglasses outdoors, particularly in the following circumstances: * During summer: The level of UVR at noon in summer can be more than three times as high as in winter. More importantly, the levels of UVB, the type of UVR that causes the most damage, can be as much as ten times higher (which is why sunburn takes such a short time in summer). * Around noon: (1PM during daylight saving). Seventy percent of the harmful UVB radiation that is received each day occurs within three hours either side of this time. On the beach or boating: There are usually few buildings or structures to block the sun or sky, so people are exposed to direct and scattered radiation from the whole sky as well as reflections from water. * Skiing at high altitude: Solar UVR increases with altitude and at 2000 metres (typical of Australian ski fields) can be as much as thirty percent higher than at sea level. The high reflectivity of snow worsens the problem, so that the UVR dose to the eye can be quite large. Consequently, good eye protection while skiing is very important. Materials and coatings of sunglass lenses Currently, there is a wide variety of materials for sunglass lenses. Thanks to the advancements in the lens technology, different people can now choose lenses that cater individual needs. In general, sunglass lenses are made of either plastic or glass. Plastic lenses are lightweight and come in different tints. Plastic sunglass lenses can block 80% of UV rays and thus provide good protection from sunlight. While offering excellent optical quality, glass lenses are more susceptible to scratches. High index lenses High index lenses are made of the material of high index plastic. This kind of lenses can block out 100% harmful UV rays in the sunlight. In regular, high index lenses are applied with reflective coating. This is because the high index feature also increases lens reflection on the surface. Due to the valuable optical feature of this material, high-index lenses are thinner and thinner than regular plastic lenses. Typically, lenses made of a high-index plastic can be 50% thinner than traditional plastic lenses. Patients with a severe refractive error are perfect target users. Polycarbonate lenses Polycarbonate lenses are one of the most common types of sunglass lenses. Besides features such as lightweight and shatter-resistance, polycarbonate lenses provide natural 100% UV protection. These lenses are perfect for active adults and children. Sunglasses using polycarbonate lenses can offer incomparable eye protection and UV protection. Photochromic lenses Photochromic lenses can provide appropriate lens darkness according to the surrounding environment. This type of lens always flatters people who need to frequently alternate between indoor and outdoor environments. Without the availability of photochromic glasses, vision impaired patients need to remove sunglasses and change to prescription eyeglasses when they move indoors, or vice versa. Polarized lenses Polarized lenses are specially designed for outdoor wear. These lenses can greatly reduce glare by blocking light reflection on a flat surface. Regular participants of outdoor activities including driving, golfing and skiing can significantly benefit from polarized lenses. With the help of polarized sunglasses, the wearers will nearly be free from annoying glare. Aspheric lenses Aspheric lenses are particularly suitable for people with a heavy prescription. With an evenly distributed thickness, this type of lenses will not bring an unwanted look because of excessively thick lenses. These lenses have different curves and are able to reduce or eliminate spherical aberrations. And they also help reduce the distortion of the wearer’s eyes. Scratch-resistant coating In addition to different lens materials, there are still types of coatings. In order to avoid scratches, sunglass lenses can be treated with a scratch resistant coating (SRC), which is usually included in polycarbonate and high index lenses by default. This lens coating is especially helpful for mischievous kids who may frequently drop the glasses. Anti-reflective coating Another common coating is anti-reflective coating (ARC), which is applied in some lenses in order to reduce reflective rays. While eliminating unwanted glare during outdoor activities, lenses with this type of coating are more likely to scratch. Actually, these two types of coatings are mutually exclusive, which means one specific lens cannot have both of them. Lens tints Lens tint is another common issue. With various tint options, sunglass wearers can choose their favoritecolor in order to get distinctive looking. However, only plastic lenses can effectively and uniformly absorb tints. In contrast to high index lenses, polycarbonate lenses are harder to tint. Reference http://www. mydr. com. au/skin-hair/eyes-in-the-sun